Producing, transporting and consuming food is responsible for nearly a third of individuals' contribution to climate change. It also adds to other environmental problems like water pollution.

Get more out of the food you buy
The average UK household spends more than GBP 400 a year on food that could have been eaten but ends up being thrown away. Throwing food away wastes all of the energy and other inputs needed to produce, package and transport it. When waste food goes to landfill it produces methane, a greenhouse gas judged to be 23 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. Around six in ten people in the UK say they are trying to waste less food.

Cutting food waste will reduce these negative impacts and composting any waste food will reduce climate change effects further.

Most of the food that is thrown away could have been eaten. Love Food Hate Waste is a campaign from WRAP (the Waste and Resources Action Programme) that provides tasty leftover recipes and top tips to help cut back on wasting food. Visit Love Food Hate Waste for more ways to love food and reduce your food waste.

Choosing types of food
Some foods have a bigger effect on climate change than others because of the way they are produced, packaged, transported or cooked. For example:

• The production of meat and dairy products has a much bigger impact on climate change and the environment than that of most grains, pulses and outdoor fruit and vegetables.
• Some foods require particularly large amounts of energy to produce, like tomatoes grown in heated greenhouses.

Transporting food
To judge whether the food you eat is sustainable, you have to consider more than just the food miles involved in transporting the goods. However, where food has been produced and stored under similar conditions, food that has travelled a shorter distance is likely to have less impact on climate change.

Healthy eating is also important and many people could benefit from eating a larger proportion of fruit and vegetables and less saturated fat in their diet.

Eating a balanced diet (PDF)
Find local food (Big Barn site)

If you cannot download the PDF file then you can request a copy from Food Standards Agency publications (tel: 0845 606 0667, fax: 020 8867 3225).

Fresh and seasonal
Buying fresh unprocessed or lightly processed food and drink will generally mean that less energy has been used in its production. If food comes from a long way away it doesn’t necessarily mean it has big climate change effects. Long distance transportation of produce by boat - for example, bananas and apples - or food imported when in season, can have lower climate change effects than food produced out of season or stored for long periods.

Buying direct from producers is a good way to source fresh, seasonal produce and reduce packaging. Buying directly from the producer also means you can ask them how their food was produced.

Sustainable fish
The Marine Stewardship Council logo shows a seafood product comes from a sustainable source. Fish stocks are a valuable natural resource which need careful management to prevent over-exploitation or unsustainable harvesting. At the moment, 52 per cent are fully exploited with 24 per cent overexploited or depleted.

The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) logo provides assurance that a seafood product has come from a well-managed fishery and has not contributed to the problem of over-fishing. However, if fisheries are not certified by the MSC, this does not automatically mean that they are unsustainable.

Food produced with respect for wildlife and the environment
Some food is produced to particular standards that help reduce negative impacts on the environment and support wildlife. These approaches are often certified by labelling schemes and you can support them by:

• looking for green labels that tell you food has been produced in a more wildlife friendly way, including organic certification and the LEAF Marque,
•  buying from retailers that are trying to improve the way they treat the environment, for example with their own published environmental standards for food production,
• buying directly from farmers who put a high priority on looking after the wildlife on their farm.

Some kinds of farming also help conserve rural landscapes, such as upland sheep or cattle grazing.

Cut down on car journeys
Thirteen percent of the carbon emissions produced from transporting food in the UK come from individuals driving to and from the shops. Making fewer food shopping trips by car, or using other forms of transport will help cut these emissions, and will also help reduce congestion and local air pollution.

Compost food waste
Nearly a third of all the rubbish thrown away at home is kitchen or garden waste. When organic waste breaks down in landfill sites it produces methane, which has strong climate change effects. Composting food waste is a greener choice.

Water
In the UK, mains drinking water meets very high standards. Tap water requires around 300 times less energy than bottled water (for packaging and transport), and does not leave bottles to be disposed of.

Packaging
Packaging used for food can play an important part in helping preserve food and cut waste. However, it often has an environmental cost as resources and energy are used to make the packaging, and transport the finished product. Things you can do include:

• avoiding unnecessary, or excessive, packaging,
• buying products in packaging that can be recycled (and recycling them), 
• choose food packaging that is labelled as biodegradable or compostable: it will break down quickly rather than remaining in landfill sites for many years.

Ask your retailer
Showing an interest, and choosing food from retailers who are trying to reduce the environmental impact of their products will give you greener choices and help encourage them to do more.
Some things you could ask retailers include:

• Do their food production standards include environmental criteria?
• What are they doing to reduce waste in their supply chain?
• Are the premium prices often charged for greener food passed on to producers to encourage this type of production?

If you cannot find greener choices like sustainably sourced fish or recycled products then you could ask managers in your local shops to start stocking them.

Directgov / Expatica